How did literature shape nineteenth-century science?

In The Age of Analogy (2016), Devin Griffiths argues that the writing style of Erasmus Darwin and his grandson, Charles, was profoundly influenced by the novelists, poets, and historians of their time. The Darwins, like other scientists of the day, labored to refashion contemporary literary models into a new mode of narrative analysis that could address the contingent world disclosed by contemporary natural science. By employing vivid language and experimenting with a variety of different genres, these writers gave rise to a new relational study of antiquity, or “comparative historicism,” that used analogy to analyze the relation between the past and present, but emerged outside of traditional histories. It flourished instead in literary forms like the realist novel and the elegy, as well as in natural histories that explored the continuity between past and present forms of life. Nurtured by imaginative cross-disciplinary descriptions of the past—from the historical fiction of Sir Walter Scott and George Eliot to the poetry of Alfred Tennyson—this novel understanding of history fashioned new theories of natural transformation, encouraged a fresh investment in social history, and explained our intuition that environment shapes daily life.

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Table of Contents:

Most Recent Reviews:

“The Age of Analogy is perhaps the most ambitious and important book on the entanglement of nineteenth-century scientific culture and literature to have been written this century–in a field of highly ambitious and truly important books. But it also elucidates the entanglement of nineteenth-century culture with our own, bringing light to contemporary historicist practices, particularly in literary studies.”

ISIS. Review by Alexis Harley. (Link)

“Multifacted, richly textured, The Age of Analogy … furnish[es] the field of Victorian science and literature with some truly fresh inspiration and insight.”

Victorian Studies. Review by Philipp Erchinger. (Link)

“[A] superb account of how the literary past propelled the emergence of our present- day comparativist paradigm. … The Age of Analogy is interdisciplinary literary history at its best, dexterously weaving close readings with an extensive range of historical discourses, print histories, and material technologies. Accordingly, it ought to become required reading for scholars of the nineteenth-century novel and Victorian intellectual history.”

Victoriographies. Review by Michael Martel. (Link)

“A book of enormous erudition, especially for a first book. … Great books change how criticism does its business, this happens far more rarely than one might think.”

Wordsworth Circle. Review by Richard C. Shah. (Link)

“Expansive and enthralling …. Ambitious in its scope and vision and eloquently written, The Age of Analogy is a challenging and thought-provoking study that gives us new and enriching ways to read nineteenth-century intellectual history.”

Dickens Quarterly. Review by Iain Crawford. (Link)

“What is exhilarating about The Age of Analogy is its bold insistence upon the utility of imaginative literary form as an active agent in science, with the power not only to reflect knowledge of the world but to add to it as well.”

Literature & History. Review by Will Abberley. (Link)

“The Age of Analogy promises to transform our understanding of literary and scientific history in the Anthropocene. This is a big, challenging, eloquent book. I cannot recommend it highly enough.”

Nineteenth-Century Contexts. Review by Jesse Oak Taylor. (Link)

Older reviews:

Journal of British Studies. Review by Michael Page. (Link)

Review of English Studies: Review by Gregory Tate. (Link)

Review19: Review by Tina Yong Choi. (Link)

“The Age of Analogy” Shortlisted for the 2016 BSLS Book Prize. (Link)

British Society of Science and Literature: Review by John Holmes. (Link)

V21 Collation: Reviews by David Coombs, Devin Garofalo, and Mary L. Mullen. (Link)

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Extended Index:

I originally worked on a much more extensive subject-based index for the book, but had to cut it down for publication. The longer version is here.

Abbotsford, 125

Abbotsford library, 100, 106

abduction, 153–54, 182

Abercrombie, John, 220

Abrams, M. H., 53, 70

abstraction, 84; and comparison, 150; and formalization, 210. See also formalization

actor-network theory, 9–10, 49, 132, 262n19; in history, 49; realism of, 10, 47; texts as actors within, 223

actors: and actor-network theory, 132; texts as, 223

Adam Bede(Eliot), 170, 286

Adams, Maeve, 280n120, 281n131

adaptation, 238; Lamarckian, 158–60. See also contrivance

Addison, Joseph, 278n63

“Adonais” (Shelley), 131, 281n1

affect, 13; in plants, 241

affordance, 201

affordances, 201

Agamben, Giorgio, 268n18, 280n115

agency, 49; and authorship, 253; and contingency, 253; of floral life, 248; of microbial life, 204; in narrative, 230; in nature, 213; of orchids, 248; problem of natural, 213; in vitalism, 76

agnosticism, 251–52

ahistoricism, 177, 182

Albert (English Prince Consort), 130

Alexander III (Scottish king), 104

Alexis, Willibald, 13

alienation, 111, 140, 156, 181

allegory, 4, 14, 53, 61, 68, 70, 198; and analogy, 71; in The Botanic Garden, 68–69; Christian, 190; diplacement by analogy, 267n8; epistemology of, 71; flat, 71, 73; historical, 89, 190; and mythology, 54, 71; as natural knowledge, 71; neoclassical, 70; and scientific knowledge, 54

Allewaert, Monique, 59

alterity, 20, 49, 121, 270n47, 291n90; and alien life, 153, 156; and analogy, 28, 89; and comparativism, 169; and encounter, 210; epistemology of, 181; historical, 13; and historicism, 112; and idiomatic language, 117; in Middlemarch, 194, 196

Alvarez, David, 278n63

Amigoni, David, 55, 254, 261n14, 264n43

analogic, 133, 150, 153, 155; of In Memoriam stanza, 156; as “style of reasoning”, 149

“analogical creation”, 19, 173–74

analogical hypothesis, 215, 286n22

analogies, extrinsic vs. intrinsic, 268n17

analogy, 2–4, 10, 14, 17, 25, 218, 220; across categorical domains, 38; aging of, 31; and allegory, 53, 71; and alterity, 28, 89, 181; analytic, 14, 30, 201; antiquarian, 96; Aristotelian, 268n22, 268n24; awkward, 204; Baconian, 72; and being/knowledge problem, 40, 50; between algebra and logic, 43; between character and reader, 180; between dead and living, 134, 152; between domestic and natural selection, 11, 18–19, 34–35, 218, 224; between humans and plants, 79; between living and dead, 24; between mechanics and quantum equations, 35; between mind and nature, 81; between narratives, 182; between physiology and psychology, 202; between science and literature, 135, 255; in biblical exegesis, 266n8, 267n8; “bottom-up” vs. “top-down”, 37; centrality to comparative anatomy, 158; Christian, 14, 146; and climate science, 259; in comparative historicism, 11, 28; in comparative mythology, 185; and comparison, 28–32, 150, 170, 222, 291n98; compound, 194, 215; consolidation in natural selection, 219; consolidation in Origin of Species, 229; constraints for, 82; context of, 18; contrast between harmonic and mapping, 35; curatorial, 223, 227; debates over, 134; deceitful guide, 221–22; as deduction, 37; and design, 23; developmental, 76; as dialectic, 20; differentiation of, 73, 220; displacement into natural selection, 217, 220; divine, 69, 72–73, 267n8, 273n55; dynamic, 224, 250, 255; early modern, 5, 14; in eighteenth century, 73; entanglement of, 30; epistemology of, 11, 38, 45, 194, 210, 254; falsifiability of, 24, 172, 197, 214, 258; figurative vs. literal, 204; flattening of, 204; forensic, 123; as form, 18–20, 198; as formalization, 43; and formal language, 43; in formulation of comparative method, 14; grammar of, 182; historical vs. structural, 73; vs. homology, 161, 172, 208, 222, 285n93; horizontal vs. vertical, 36; implicit, 227; as induction, 37, 72, 149, 291n98; in In Memoriam, 153, 165; intellectual history of, 14, 266n8, 267n8; linguistic, 32, 46, 113–15, 118, 121, 279n99; literary, 29, 39; and logic, 150; loose vs. strict, 57, 74; as mapping, 33, 224, 267n12, 268n16; and mathematics, 37, 202; and metaphor, 183, 293n34; metrical, 133; mollusk as, 173, 186–87, 199–201, 205; and mythology, 71; natural, 73; negative, 197; negative; networks of, 174, 216; in new historicism, 21; Niels Bohr’s, 35; paradigmatic, 219, 224; in philology, 113; and plurality of worlds, 152; polyp, 203–5; progressive, 158; as projective knowledge, 153; as ratio of ratios, 37, 44, 202; realistic, 29, 45, 47, 50, 72, 172; reproductive, 75, 78; in romance, 32; Romantic, 73; schema of, 18, 31; semiotic, 58; and set theory, 38; sidereal, 154; social, 65, 73, 188, 198; specialization of, 220–21; and speciation, 219–20; speculative, 18, 222; structural, 159, 219; as “sure guide”, 220; sympathetic, 192, 195–96; syntax of, 183, 223; taxonomy of, 160–61; theories of, 22, 219–20, 222, 293n34; of things, 81; Thomist, 268n17, 272n55; as transcendent order, 23, 56, 68, 72, 159; in translation, 113, 121, 123; as universal pattern, 84; visual, 44, 269n42; vital, 71; vocabularies of, 18, 215, 221, 223; watchmaker, 213, 218, 252. See also disanalogy; formal analogy; harmonic analogy

analogy of faith, 266n8

anatomy, 3, 24, 130; comparative, 14, 73

Anderson, Amanda, 187

Anderson, Benedict, 3, 261n6

Anger, Suzy, 185

Anglicanism, 177. See theology, Anglican; reform of, 184–85. See also Christianity; Trinitarianism

Angræcum sesquipedale (orchid), 247–48

Annales school, 21

anthropocene, 163, 258

anthropocentricism, 152; in Darwinian science, 254

anthropology, 4, 185, 209; and comparative method, 17; history of, 16–17

anthropomorphism, 203, 246, 249, 254; epistemology of, 254

antiquarianism, 3, 5, 14, 23, 88–89, 98, 102, 109–10; and bibliomania, 96; comic, 95; as counter-Enlightenment, 96, 98; critiques of, 95–96, 108, 278n63; and curiosity, 101; and forgery, 109; and historicism, 99–100; irascible, 99; methodology of, 97–99; as model for comparative anatomy, 160; schools of, 277n54; as science, 23, 89, 95–99; “squire and parson”, 95. See also forensic antiquarianism

The Antiquary (Scott), 84, 93, 95, 108; and anthropology, 94; coin collecting in, 100; and forensic antiquarianism, 100; idiom in, 119; reactions to, 90; silver plate in, 101

antiquities market, 98–99, 102, 110

Apter, Emily, 115, 268n18

Aquinas, Thomas, 36, 267n8, 272n55

archaeology, 101

archetype, 161–63

Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (Owen), 161

“Archetype Vertebrate Skeleton” (Owen), 163f7

archive fever, 126

Arditti, Joseph, 294n57

Aristotle (see also Posterior Analytics), 37–40, 72; on analogy, 268n22, 268n23, 268n24

Armstrong, Isobel, 131, 157

Arnold, Matthew, 7, 16, 184, 264n44

art, 180, 241; history of, 44; history painting, 179; and realism, 180; and religion, 146; subordination to science, 61; as translation, 188

art romance, 180

astronomy, 77, 154, 171

atheism, 251

atlas, scientific, 10

Attridge, Derek, 50, 282n23

Augustine, 266n8

Aurora Leigh (E. Browning), 81, 132

Austen, Jane, 230, 232

author, figure of, 16, 65, 78

authority: of disciplines, 95; shared, 195

authorship: collective, vii, 9–10, 23, 262n19; editorial function of, 107; problem of, 253, 295n95; social nature of, 253

Bacon, Francis (see also New Organon), 72, 263n32

Baconian induction, 146, 150

Badiou, Alain, 30, 39, 42, 268n18, 268n31

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 264n40

ballads: ethnography of, 107; historical, 107; historical vs. romantic, 105; modernization of, 107; as reconstruction, 107; romantic, 105, 107

Balzac, Honoré de, 13, 175, 287n33

Banks, Joseph, 57, 60

Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques, 100–101

Barthes, Roland, 253, 295n95

Bateman, James (see also Orchidaceae of Mexico & Guatemala), 241

Batteux, Charles, 114

Beagle (H.M.S.), 1, 231

Beaty, Jerome, 290n87

Beauvais, Guillaume, 100

Beer, Gillian (see also Darwin’s Plots), 8, 170, 176, 216, 229, 231, 235, 261n14, 293n35; role in shaping “science and literature”, 8, 231, 261n14, 292n12

being/knowledge problem, 39, 49–50

Beiser, C. Frederick, 111

belief, Christian, 162–63. See also faith, Christian

Bell, Charles, 218, 245

Benedict, Barbara, 10

Benjamin, Walter, 55

Bennett, Jane, 77, 270n3, 273n70

Bergson, Henri, 270n3

Best, Steven, 291n89

Bewel, Alan, 271n23

Bible, 65, 130, 153, 184–85

bible criticism, 184

biblical prophecy, 184

biblical scholarship, 98

bibliography, 60, 96

bibliomania, 96

Bildungsroman, 15

biography, 1, 127, 132, 232

biology, 206, 214

Birmingham riots, 66

Black, Max, 288n53

black-mail, 117

Blackwood, John, 196

Blake, William (see also “The Fertilization of Egypt”), 56, 68–72; on analogy, 73, 272n55

Blanton, C. D., 267n15

Bloch, Marc, 261n7

Blumenthal, Hans, 91

Boas, Franz, 17

Bohr, Niels (see also “On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules”), 33–35

Bohr’s model, 34–35, 43

Boole, George, 43

Bopp, Franz, 32, 221

The Botanic Garden, 5, 23, 62, 227, 256; annotations within, 71; collaboration within, 68; as epic, 5, 80–81, 271n16; flattening of allegory in, 71; generic mixture of, 57; and history of science, 81; illustrations, 69; influence of, 51; mythology in, 71; narrative in, 80; preface to, 58; publication of, 74, 271n25; reactions to, 53, 74, 79; success of, 57; translations of, 51

botanizing, 59

botany, 1, 11, 25; Romantic, 265; and sexuality, 59; teleology in, 251

boundaries, 168; in biology, 224, 226; disciplinary, 15, 96, 243, 287n26

“boundary-work“, 95–96

Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, 271n29

Brabant, Rufa, 289n55

Bradley, A. C., 136

brain science, 190

Brassier, Ray, 49

Braudy, Leo, 15, 93

Bridgewater Treatises, 152, 245–46, 249

British Museum, 142, 158

Brontë, Charlotte (see also Shirley), 31–33, 175

Brookfield, W. H., 142

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (see also Aurora Leigh), 81, 132

Browning, Robert, 131–32

Bruner, Jerome, 94, 249

Brylowe, Thora, 272n29

Buchan, Peter, 106

Buckland, Adelene, 8, 97, 235, 262n17, 274n1

Buckland, William, 218, 232, 251

Budge, Gavin, 54, 270n12

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc (Comte), 158, 285n83

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 13, 178, 215, 236, 286n22

Bürger, Gottfried August, 115

Burke, Séan, 295n98

Burnett, James (Lord Monboddo), 14, 30, 32, 113

Burwick, Fred, 272n29

Butler, Joseph, 31

Butterfield, Herbert, 66

Buzard, James, 16, 94, 264n41

Cambridge University, 143, 152

camera obscura, 58, 271n26; as analogy, 44

Cameron, Ken, 294n57

Cameron, Sharon, 132

Campbell, Joseph, 249–50

Canning, George (see also “The Loves of the Triangles”), 79–80

Capuano, Peter J., 190

Carignan, Michael, 286n22

Carlyle, Thomas, 3–4, 83–84, 91

Carpenter, Mary Wilson, 289n54

Carroll, Siobhan, 285n99, 296n2

Castle Rackrent (Edgeworth), 85, 90

castles in the air, 211

casuistry, 280n130

catachresis, 226

Catasetum (orchid), 241

category mistake, 183

chain of signification, 47–48, 228

Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 13, 20, 120, 263n30

Chambers, Robert (see also Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation), 55, 105–7, 152, 278n77

Chandler, James, 91, 102, 274, 276n32, 276n36, 280n130

Chapman, John, 174

character-system, 15, 169, 286n10

Chatterton, Thomas, 99, 103, 294n46

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 105

Child, Francis James, 105–6, 278n78

Christian faith, 146

Christianity, 14, 64–66, 69, 82, 141, 151, 157, 184; love in, 141–42, 151; as mythology, 70; rational, 65. See also Anglicanism; Trinitarianism

Cicero, 112, 265n6

circulating reference, 47, 228

cladistics, 285n93

Clarke, Bruce, 295n83

classification. See taxonomy

Clayton, Jay, viii

climate change, 258–59, 285n99, 296n2

climate science, 258–59

code-switching, 119

coevolution, 248

Cohen, Michael, 278n78

coin collecting, 100–102

Cole, Andrew, 20, 267n15, 282n18

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (see also Lyrical Ballads), 51, 53, 57–58, 270n12

collaboration, vii, 68, 107, 262n18, 271n16; scientific, 9–10, 12, 243

collection, 125, 158

collections: antiquarian, 12, 125; ballad, 87, 278n78; scientific, 12, 72, 158, 285n83; serial analysis of, 15; working, 235

“collective empiricism”, 10, 15, 262n19, 263n35

Collingwood, R. G. (see also The Idea of History), 23, 27, 95, 261n3

Collins, K. K., 207–8

colonialism, 124, 273n67

comedy, 197

comparatism, 4, 20–21, 123, 169, 175, 202, 205, 225; and ahistoricism, 182; and analogy, 264n59; of Charles Darwin, 173, 209; and contrapuntalism, 195; as critical method, 173, 209; empiricism of, 197; epistemology of, 264n55; in “higher criticism”, 184; and historiography, 172, 209; in Middlemarch, 203

comparative anatomy, 11, 175, 222; and analogy, 158

comparative historicism, 2–6, 9–10, 20–23; and analogy, 28, 201; and antiquarianism, 100; between histories, 209; as collaborative project, 9; and comparative literature, 176; and comparative method, 31; complexity of, 125; contrasted to stadial history, 67; in Darwinian science, 213; disagreements over, 206; disanalogy in, 169; and encounter, 182; as episteme, 8, 13; epistemology of, 47; and formalization, 123; of George Eliot, 186; and historical fiction, 89, 231; implications of, 259, 263n30; as interplay of narratives and characters, 16; literary procedures of, 13–14, 28; in modern scholarship, 4; and narrative, 89, 182, 237; in novel, 82, 168, 176, 198; as paradigm, 8, 160, 171, 209, 230, 275n14; place of imagination in, 215; and pluralism, 16, 237; in relation to present, 13; resistance to, 163–64; and resurrection, 127; in science, 171; and serial analysis, 16; vs. speculative realism, 39

comparative linguistics, 114

comparative literature, 4, 20–22; history of, 175–76

comparative method, 3, 184, 202, 286n5; and analogy, 263n29; of antiquarianism, 102; as conjunction of analogy and comparison, 30; and entangled reference, 49; in fiction, 89; in historicism, 31; history of, 14–15, 17, 19, 23, 29–31, 57, 89; in literary criticism, 290n81; politics of, 20; in science, 11, 73, 87

comparative morphology, 57

comparative mythology, 70, 185, 289n58; critique of, 185

comparative physiology, 202–3

comparative science, 11, 16, 23, 73, 129, 171, 175, 203; and organicism, 16; political implications of, 16. See also comparative anatomy; comparative physiology

comparative turn, 3, 12

comparison, 3–4, 14, 17, 29; and abstraction, 150; and “analogical creation”, 173; and analogy, 150, 170, 222, 291n98; between histories, 197; as comparatio, 265n6; in comparative method, 14; consolidation of, 229; constant, 179; and error, 169; hermeneutic, 176; and historical experience, 84, 123; historiographic, 178; intellectual history of, 14, 30, 265n6, 266n6; mathematical, 202; as mediation of difference, 89; Mill’s analysis of, 153; narrative, 6; networks of, 227; in the novel, 123, 166; of personal history, 181; relational, 20, 264n52; relation to analogy, 28–32; in rhetoric, 14, 30, 265n6, 266n6; in scientific description, 11; in stadial history, 67; as strategy of contrast, 14, 30, 67, 265n6; structural, 171; sympathetic, 195; unconscious, 47; visionary, 168; as “warning check”, 174

comparison tracts, 14, 266n6

Comte, Auguste, 177

contact, 49, 210; between the Darwins, 256; cultural, 115; in Eliot’s fiction, 189; empirical, 243; epistemology of, 27–28, 30, 45, 130, 194; fictional, 181; historical, 83, 86, 121, 123, 127; metaphysical, 151, 156; semiotics of, 70–71; sympathetic, 189; textual, 223; through analogy, 228; within fiction, 189; zones of, 92, 115, 168

context: conceptual, 18; historical, 21; social, 65, 91, 279n104

contingency, 159, 172–73, 221

contrapuntalism, 194, 263n30; as comparatism, 195

contrapuntal reading, 19, 194-5

contrivance, 26, 249; and intent, 217, 245, 250

“cooperant past“, 24

cooperation, 131, 164. See also collaboration

COP21 Global Climate Talks, 258

Copeland, Rita, 279n95

correlationism, 49–50, 269n31

cosmology, 79

cosmopolitanism, 8

Cowper, William, 32

Craft, Christopher, 141

Crawford, Robert, 91, 116

creation, divine, 79, 162, 251–52

criticism: historical, 98; lower, and contrastual comparison, 184. See also higher criticism

Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 247

Croker, John Wilson, 90–91, 275n19

Cross, John, 290n87

Culler, A. Dwight, 4, 151, 154

Culler, Jonathan, 288n49

culture, 16; and comparison, 264n44; and evolution, 264n43; inorganic, 187; of orchids, 238; as product of comparatism, 16

Culture and Imperialism (Said), 194

curiosity, 239; and antiquarianism, 101; scientific, 10, 131

Curran, Stuart, 281n1

Cuvier, Georges, 14, 157, 159–60, 162

Cycnoches (orchid), 241–42

Dames, Nick, 190

Danaë (Greek myth), 138, 140

Dane, Joseph, 294n46

Daniel Deronda (Eliot), 16, 166, 171, 189, 286; encounter in, 168

Dante, 141

Darwin, Charles (see also The Descent of Man; Life of Erasmus Darwin; On the Means by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects; The Origin of Species; The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication), 1, 5–7, 10–11, 17, 19, 24–25, 40, 51, 205; agnosticism of, 26; on analogy, 32–33, 216, 219, 230; as author, 252; bibliographic imagination of, 236; as botanist, 254; collaboration with non-scientists, 243; ecological thinking of, 247; engagement with print market, 241; evolution notebooks, 6; experimental method of, 244; and George Eliot, 176; grasp of comparative historicism, 209; gregarious method of, 243; hearing Walter Scott, 96; his biography of Erasmus Darwin, 52; as imaginative writer, 7, 11; impact on homology, 161; influence of, 6; intentional language of, 249; interest in orchids, 237, 239, 241; on “lumpers” and “splitters”, 12, 57, 262n28; as major subject of science and literature, 7, 232; methodology of, 223, 235; and natural theology, 164; notebooks of, 1, 211, 218–19; reactions to, 171; reading habits of, 232–36; reading notebooks of, 232–34; on relation between species and genera, 40; on relation between theory and observation, 228; relation to Erasmus Darwin, 1–2, 5–6, 21–22, 26, 52, 80, 211, 255–57; relation to literature, 231–32; relation to novels, 235; relation to religion, 251; as student, 76; textual environment of, 234; as theorist of literary form, 228; theory of evolution, 224; theory of pangenesis, 206–7; as writer, 41, 216, 292n12

Darwin, Elizabeth, 235

Darwin, Emma, 233, 251

Darwin, Erasmus (see also The Botanic Garden; The Economy of Vegetation; The Loves of the Plants; The Temple of Nature; Zoonomia), 1–2, 5, 16, 129, 160, 218, 273; aesthetics of, 53; and allegory, 53–54; on allegory, 71; on analogy, 23, 33, 72–73, 222; analogy of progress, 88; as author, 78; biography of, 52, 255; candidate laureate, 57; changing reputation of, 5; climatological theory of, 70; comparatism of, 274n84; on contrivance, 245; cosmology of, 76, 79; critical demise of, 53, 270n5; deism of, 51; and didactic verse, 271n16; and disciplinarity, 271n23; as doctor, 58; and eighteenth-century historicism, 84; as elegiac poet, 271n16; and Enlightenment, 54, 66; epitaph of, 256; evaluation of, 51; evolutionary theory of, 5, 54, 62, 71, 75, 78–79, 82, 206; historicism of, 55, 63, 68, 82; in history of science, 256; idiosyncrasy of, 52; influence of, 55, 270n13; liberal politics of, 79; as “lumper”, 57; metaphysics of, 72; on plant sensation, 241; on plant sexuality, 240; poetics of, 52, 137, 272n40; on poetry and science, 227; poetry of, 22, 74, 77; and professionalization, 58; as provocateur, 53; reactions to, 74; relation to Charles Darwin, 5–6, 21, 21–22, 25–26, 80, 211, 255–57; republicanism of, 51; study of orchids, 239; systematic writings of, 80; on terrestrial formation, 76; as translator, 61, 75; vitalism of, 52, 76–77, 270n3; works of, 81, 270n15

Darwin, Francis, 230, 232, 234–35

Darwin, Henrietta, 255

Darwin and the Novelists (G. Levine), 230, 292n12

Darwinian verse, 53, 58

Darwinism, 208; social, 20

Darwinizing, 1, 53

“Darwin’s Gemmule” (Tennyson), 207

Darwin’s Plots (Beer), 216, 292n12

Daston, Lorraine, 4, 10, 215, 262n19

Dawkins, Richard, 295n91

Dawson, Gowan, 8, 232, 261n13, 262n15, 262n17

death, relationship to life, 24

de Certeau, Michel, 107

deduction, 150, 153

deep time, 78. See also geological time

deism, 251

DeLanda, Manuel, 39–42, 44, 226, 268, 303

Deleuze, Gilles, 30, 40–42, 44, 273n70

de Man, Paul, 53, 70, 73

depth reading, 49

de Saussure, Ferdinand, 46–47, 263n29; on analogy and evolution, 269n45; on comparison, 47

The Descent of Man (C. Darwin), 205

desemantification, 43, 46

design. See intelligent design

detachment, 187

de Thoyras, Paul Rapin, 66

DeWitt, Anne, 262n16

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-V), 288n49

dialect, 119, 280n120; historicism of, 280n116; and history of languages, 115; and idiom, 117, 280n118; as regional language, 120; in Scott’s writing, 116; sympathetic, 121

dialectic, 20, 94, 263n31, 267n15, 267n15, 282

Dickens, Charles (see also A Tale of Two Cities), 14, 275n14

didactic verse, 59, 62, 271n26

differentiation, sexual, 220

Dillane, Fionnuala, 176, 186, 287n27, 289n61

disanalogy, 24–25, 165, 169–70, 172, 197, 225, 259; and climate science, 259; and harmonic analogy, 172; in Origin of Species, 225; of perspective, 177; and realism, 24; in realism, 170. See also analogy, realism

disciplinarity, 95, 271n23

disciplines (academic), 168, 215

disenchantment, 246. See also secularization

disinterest, 93, 154

D’Israeli, Isaac, 51, 53, 62

distance: between sign and meaning, 70; historical, 27, 33, 110, 123, 182; metaphysical, 157; semantic, 43

domestication, 117

domestic selection, 34–35, 225, 230, 293n35; analogy to natural selection, 34–35; and speciation, 226. See also natural selection

Donne, John, 263n32

“double consciousness“, 88, 94, 276n34

doubt, 138; religious, 146. See also uncertainty

Down House, 7

Doyle, Richard, 254, 295n70

Drucker, Joanna, 124

Dryden, John, 131

dual-aspect monism, 50

Du Bois, W. E. B., 17, 276n34

Duff, David, 81

Duncan, Ian, 88, 91–92, 94, 203–4, 274n1

Dutilh Novaes, Catarina, 42–43

East India Company, 125

ecology, 277n47; forcasting, 258; no-analog, 259; social, 205

economy, 56, 65, 74; credit, 108; political, 200

The Economy of Vegetation (E. Darwin), 54–56, 65, 70, 73–75, 273; authorship of, 273n65; conceit of, 79; cosmogony of, 63; developmental narrative of, 62; as epic, 74; historicism of, 63; prosody of, 63–64; publication of, 58, 74, 271, 271n25, 271n28, 273n64; reactions to, 65; Rosicrucian conceit of, 74–75; as social history, 55; terrestrial formation in, 76

Edgeworth, Maria (see also Castle Rackrent), 85

Edinburgh, 54, 88

Edinburgh Annual Register, 126–27

Edinburgh Medical School, 76

Edinburgh Review, 9

editor, as author, 107

Edmundson, Henry, 113

ekphrasis, 179

élan vital, 52

elegy, 24; classical, 283n44; formal burden of, 128–32, 154; as genre of comparative historicism, 14; historical awareness of, 132; integrity of, 164; as pluralist genre, 16; poet’s, 131–32, 281n1; as retrospective genre, 24

Eliot, George (see also Adam Bede; Daniel Deronda; Felix Holt; Impressions of Theophrastus Such; Leaves from a Notebook; The Legend of Jubal; Middlemarch; The Mill on the Floss; “Notes on Form in Art”; Silas Marner), 6, 16–18, 21, 24–25, 33, 250, 256, 259; on “analogical creation”, 173; attitude toward science, 170, 176; career, 186; Christian belief of, 184; and comparative historicism, 171-2, 186, 215; criticism of comparative mythology, 185; critique of Charles Darwin, 206; critique of origins, 208; critique of theory, 209; as editor, 167, 172, 174–76, 184, 287n27; formal theories of, 186, 201, 205, 228, 289n60; historicism of, 177; as historiographer, 209; influence of Walter Scott on, 177; interest in music, 189; Lewes as interlocutor for, 201; narrators of, 196; organicism of, 173, 176, 186–87, 200; pen name, 176; professional career, 167; reaction to Scott’s novels, 124; reframing of Riehl, 289n61; rejection of progressivism, 183; relation to historical fiction, 177; as reviewer, 186–89; scientific language in writings of, 203; skepticism of, 25, 206; as translator, 174, 184, 188; and turn inward, 210. See also novels of George Eliot

Elliott, John, 294n57

Elwick, James, 55

embryology, 75; androcentric, 78

empire studies, 8

empiricism, 81, 98, 171; and comparatism, 197; and intent, 26; scientific, 10

encounter, 169; with alterity, 210; between reader and object, 243; historical, 182; poetic, 137

Endersby, Jim, 262n28, 263n35

engagement, 27, 42, 46, 123, 164, 255; affective, 122; imaginative, 59, 80; sympathetic, 94, 192–93, 196, 255

Engel, Michael S., 11

Engelstein, Stefani, 274n75

English, James, viii

engraving, 68–69

Enlightenment, 22; Midlands, 54; Scottish, 12, 23, 52, 54, 63, 66, 76–77, 114, 274n1

Enlightenment subject, 91–94

entangled bank, 205

entangled reference, 47, 49, 201, 228

entanglement, 30, 33, 50, 240, 255; of figurative language, 206; of form, 201; of historical experience, 206; and metaphor, 199; of social forms, 204–5; within music, 190; within nature, 255

epic, 1, 55, 63, 73, 79, 81, 270; cosmological, 74; death of, 15; evolutionary, 54–55, 270n13, 270n15; as genre of pluralism, 16; growing role in The Botanic Garden, 62; historicism of, 132; as mixture of genres, 81; narrative in, 75; of nature, 81; as progressive narrative, 160

episteme: classical, 12; modern, 12

epistemology, 27, 38–39, 71; of alterity, 20; and analogy, 210; classical, 37; of figurative language, 254; flat, 49; flattening of, 254; of form, 148, 200–201; and formalization, 228; historical, 4; in Middlemarch, 171; negative, 182; and ontology, 39–40, 204; personal, 24. See also hermeneutics

epistolarity, 107

epoch, 91, 206

“equivalent center of self“, 167

Erasmus, Desiderius, 98

error, productive, 24, 169

eschatology, 12, 183. See also historicism, church

“Essay on the Ancient English Minstrels” (Percy), 99

“Essay on the Imitation of the Ancient Ballad” (Scott), 103, 108, 115, 278n84

Esty, Jed, viii

ethnography, 17, 187; of ballads, 107

ethnology, 170

Eucharist, 185

Evans, Mary Anne. See Eliot, George

evolution, 1, 22, 51–52, 54, 224; artificial, 214; chthonic, 71; convergent, 220; cooperative, 212; cosmic, 23, 52, 56, 63, 77, 92; in Erasmus Darwin’s writing, 54; Lamarckian, 219; and natural intent, 214; sexual, 54; social, 171; as social model, 17. See also natural selection; science, evolutionary

exegesis, 266

experience: historical, 23, 49, 110, 206; historical, entanglement of, 206; poetic, 132; sympathetic, 193; truthful, 109

experimentation, 10, 214, 223, 235, 238

experiments, 223, 238

extinction, 162

extraterrestrial life debate. See plurality of worlds

factitiousness, 111

faith, Christian, 131, 134, 146, 153, 155. See also belief, Christian

falsifiability, 24-5, 172

falsification, 24, 211

familiar vs. repeated looking, 179

family affinity, 221

fancy, 211

Febvre, Lucien, 275n3

Felix Holt (Eliot), 166, 169, 209

Felski, Rita, 29

Fenner, Dudley, 265n6

Ferguson, Adam, 67

Ferris, Ina, 122, 274n1

fertilization, 76, 78, 82, 243

“The Fertilization of Egypt” (Blake), 68–70

feudalism, 13

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 98, 184–85, 187–88

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 175

fiction, 10, 24, 274; as contribution to historical knowledge, 10; epistemology of, 109; heuristic, 254; historical, 3, 6, 13, 86, 123; historical, epistemology of, 109; historical, as genre of comparative historicism, 14; historical, as reconstruction, 10; narrative, 28, 89, 124; picaresque, 119; in science, 162; truthy, 111, 121

Fielding, Penny, 27882

flattening, 82, 89, 131, 226, 238, 255; of allegory, 71; metaphysical, 131, 156; of natural theology, 254; of reading experience, 243; of social world, 243. See also metaphysics, flat; ontology, flat; theology, flat

Flint, Kate, 180, 290n88

Flynn, Philip, 282n33

Fodor, Jerry, 214

folk literature, 99

forensic antiquarianism, 99–102; and comparative method, 102; and ethnography, 103; and forgery, 102–3; responses to, 108; as science of forgery, 109

forgery, 100; of coins, 102; as enrichment, 110; epistemology of, 109–10; as formal analogy, 110; of poetry, 103, 105, 108; Romantic, 279n87; value of, 109

form, 17; affordances of, 201; biological, 208, 228; constructed, 205; cooperant, 164; cultural, 55, 81, 86 (See also social forms); epistemology of, 148, 228; historicization of, 186, 199–200; and ideology, 122; literary (see literary form); metaphysics of, 28; nature of, 205; organic, 200; poetic, 52–53, 58, 64, 129, 135, 199; poetic (see poetry); rhythmic, 200–201; theories of, 173, 200–201, 205, 228, 291n94. See also formal analogy; formalization; social forms

formal analogy, 22, 33–34, 70, 268n23; and casuistry, 280n130; constraint of, 201; dialectical relation to harmonic analogy, 36; flattening of, 204; and forgery, 110; as formalization, 42; vs. harmonic, 18, 36–37, 224, 228, 262; heirarchical, 225; homology as, 161; as induction, 150; and intent, 254; as mapping, 288n53; and metaphysics, 137; and modeling, 285n96; and realism, 173; in stadial history, 67. See also analogy; disanalogy; harmonic analogy

formal closure, 123

formal dualism, 197

formalism, Marxist, 291n94

formalization, 42–43, 114, 155, 159, 195, 228, 269n33; of analogy, 160, 230; in Charles Darwin’s writings, 228; of collections, 158; in comparative anatomy, 159; and historical distance, 123; of history, 160; of language, 188; and mapping, 289n53; of narrative, 157; of sign, 46. See also abstraction

formal modeling, 49, 159, 180, 183, 198–99

The Fortunes of Nigel (Scott), 87

fossils, 95

Foucault, Michel (see also The Order of Things), 12, 21, 30, 253, 264n56, 295n95; on analogy and comparative method, 263n29; on analogy and comparison, 264n59

Fox, Douglas, 296n4

Fox, William Johnson, 284n51

Franklin, Benjamin, 57

free indirect discourse, 14

French Revolution, 3, 12, 23, 80

Frere, John Hookham (see also “The Loves of the Triangles”), 79–80

Friedman, Susan Stanford, 29

friendship, viii, 78, 103, 140, 151, 158; female, 197

Frye, Northrop, 90

Fulford, Tim, 53

functional correlation, 252

Fuseli, Henry, 56, 68, 70

Galápagos Islands, 1, 229

Galison, Peter, 10, 119, 215, 262n19

Gallagher, Catherine, 21, 25, 172, 190, 193, 200, 291n94

Galton, Francis, 257

Gamer, Michael, 96, 115

Garside, Peter, 88

Gaskell, Elizabeth, 175, 230, 232

Gates, Sarah, 135–36

gemmule, 206

Genera Plantarum (Linnaeus), 61, 75

Genesis, 63, 191

genetics, 185, 207

genre, 14, 16, 39, 42, 57, 62, 234; rough vs. smooth, 81

Gentner, Dedre, 267n12

geological time, 220. See also deep time

geology, 11, 14, 77; analogy to antiquarianism, 96; debates over, 97; fieldwork in, 97; and historical fiction, 235; and history, 277n51

geometry, 44, 46, 123, 212

George III (of England), 57

Gibbon, Edward, 179

Gieryn, Thomas, 95

Gigante, Denise, 283n44

Gilmartin, Kevin, 270n5

Gilmore, Dehn, 179

Glen Tilt, 97

Glissant, Édouard, 264n52

global warming, 258

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 20, 25, 77, 161, 175, 208, 285n94

Goodlad, Lauren, 91, 287

Goslee, David, 282n23

Gothic drama, 115

gradualism, 215

Grady, Hugh, 4

Gray, Asa, 213, 251–52

Gray, Erik, 135, 154

great chain of being, 30, 267n9

The Great Chain of Being (Lovejoy), 30

“great tradition“, 166

Greenblatt, Stephen, 21

Greene, Thomas, 113

Greiner, Rae, 94, 172, 192

Grimaldi, David A., 11

Groom, Nick, 109, 279n87

Grossman, Jonathan, ix

Grosz, Elizabeth, 240

Guattari, Félix, 273n70

Guy Mannering (Scott), 84–85, 233; reactions to, 90

Hacking, Ian, 54, 149

Haight, Gordon, 287n33

“Hail, Briton!” (Tennyson), 144, 145, 162

Hall, Catherine, 87

Hall, James, 98

Hall, Matthew, 254

Hallam, Arthur (see also “The Influence of Italian Works of Imagination”; “Still here”; “Theodicea Novissima”), 130–31, 133–34, 138, 144, 152, 163; as author of In Memoriam, 132, 155–56; Christian belief of, 141–42, 151; dying request, 140; influence on Alfred Tennyson, 137, 143, 281n11; as “noble type”, 157, 163–64; poetic theory of, 136; poetry of, 140, 142–43; spirit photograph of, 156

Hallam, Henry, 142–43, 277n36

Hamilton, Robert, 106

Hamlet (Shakespeare), 152

Haraway, Donna, 254

Hardy, Barbara, 169, 286n9

Harlem Renaissance, 17

Harman, Graham, 39, 42, 268n25

harmonic analogy, 22, 34, 150, 159, 201; and alterity, 19; Aristotelian, 268n23; between domestic and natural selection, 35; between domestic and natural species, 224–25; between vernaculars, 113; and comparative historicism, 267n15; as contrapuntalism, 195; deformalizing, 42; and dialectic, 263n31, 282n18; dialectical relation to formal analogy, 36; and distributed intent, 250; and encounter, 49–50; and entangled reference, 48–49; epistemology of, 45, 254, 268n18, 290n79; vs. formal analogy, 18, 36–37, 204, 224, 228, 262; as heuristic, 132; and historical encounter, 123; and historical re-creation, 110; and imaginative illustration, 213; in In Memoriam, 151; and musical theory, 36; and realism, 173; realism of, 49; as serial relation, 18; and set theory, 38; as social form, 172; in stadial history, 67; unpredictability of, 36. See also analogy; disanalogy; formal analogy

harmony, 19, 36, 191; vs. melody, 192; as model for sympathy, 192; social, 193; theory of, 191–92. See also music

Harris, Stuart, 270n15

Harris, Victor, 267n8

Haywood, Ian, 109, 279n87

Hazlitt, William, 94

Hearne, Thomas, 68

Hegel, Georg, 263n31, 267n15

Heidegger, Martin, 268n25, 268n31

Henchman, Anna, 151, 154, 275n10

Hensley, Nathan, viii

Herbert, Christopher, 168, 202

Herd, James, 104

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 111–12

Heringman, Noah, 97, 99, 160, 277n51, 285

hermeneutics, 280n123; biblical, 22, 29, 160. See also epistemology

Herschel, William, 77, 152, 284n65

Hertz, Neil, 168

heterosexuality, 140

Hewitt, David, 116

hierarchy, 38, 60, 82, 226, 267n9; moral, 131; ontological, 16

higher criticism, 14, 32, 98, 172, 184, 205

Hill, Susan, 185

historical consciousness, 180

historical criticism, 90

historical distance, 28, 109, 123, 182, 277n36, 287n33; in the novel, 16, 33; and sympathy, 26, 112; and translation, 112

historical encounter, 92, 94, 123, 127

historical fiction, 112, 160, 216, 230. See also historical novel

historical imagination, 3, 12, 84, 87, 90, 122

historical methodology, 23–24, 98, 176

historical novel, 2–3, 14, 83, 122–23, 183, 274n1; comparatism of, 123, 231; and epic, 55; as genre of pluralism, 16; historicism of, 90; influence of, 83, 87; as reconstruction, 98; totalizing, 122; and transformational narratives, 15; trope of recovered manuscript in, 236

historical re-creation, 102–3, 107–8, 110–11

historical sensibility, 3, 6, 33

historicism, 3–4, 65, 82, 111, 270n2; agency of, 121; and alterity, 112; anticipation of, 55; and antiquarianism, 99; and “autonomy of the past”, 13, 86, 112; birth of, 15; Christian, 12, 65, 92; comparative (see comparative historicism); and comparative anatomy, 160; and comparative method, 31; and comparison, 179, 209; Enlightenment, 14, 22, 56, 63, 66, 83, 87, 89; and exemplary history, 261n5; flat, 82; global influence of, 91; and historiography, 270n2; and idiom, 170; imaginative, 108, 127; influence of translation on, 122; influence on present, 21; necessity of re-creation to, 108, 110; new, 21, 264n56; nineteenth-century, 3, 86; pidgin, 120; progressive, 13; restorative, 127; and resurrection, 122; Romantic, 96; as sensibility, 55; sensibility of, 21; of the sign, 46; and soft teleology, 253; as style of reasoning, 82; sympathetic, 121; and teleology, 256; translational, 88–89, 112, 117–18, 121, 188, 287n33. See also comparative historicism, history

historiography, 3, 13, 17, 73, 263n35, 270n2, 276n36; contrasted to antiquarianism, 96; influence of Walter Scott on, 90; in Middlemarch, 172

history, 22, 275n7n7; and abstraction, 84; as alienation, 111; Annales school of, 21; “from below”, 5, 23, 84, 275n3; of the book, 9, 262n19; Christian, 63, 172; comparative, 4, 261n7; and comparison, 84; complexity of, 173; conditions of, 111; conjectural, 66; as constraint on analogy, 82; counterfactual, 124; creative, 23; critical, 83; of ecologies, 247, 259; Enlightenment, 83–84, 88, 91–92, 98; epistemology and ontology of, 27; evolutionary, 12, 25, 208, 244; exemplary, 261n5; experience of, 27, 123; flat, 128; and form, 17; imaginative, 12; immediacy of, 28; imperial, 127, 178; linguistic, 118; literary, 5, 81; living, 3, 26; and narrative, 5, 16, 28, 94; and nationalism, 119; personal, 197; philosophical, 84, 88, 95, 98, 102; pluralism of, 209; political, 23, 56, 93, 100, 177; possessive, 85; postcolonial, 120; progressive, 15, 84, 177; providential, 24; quantitative, 21; as reenactment, 27; relational, 73; as resurrection, 27; revisionist, 122; Roman, 287n37; science (see history of science); scientific, 5; “scissors and paste”, 83; Scottish, 66, 104, 110; secular, 65; serial, 21; social, 5, 187; speculative, 248; of technology, 201; universal, 66–68, 87, 90, 188; violence of, 127. See also comparative history; history of science; stadial history; Whig history

The History of England (Hume), 66, 87, 90, 92–93

The History of England (Macaulay), 87

history of science, 8, 10, 22, 80–81, 119, 148, 224, 256; emphasis on visual epistemology, 10

The History of Sir Charles Grandison (S. Richardson), 231

Hoffman, Jesse, 156

Hofstadter, Douglas, 267n12, 268n16

Hollander, Elizabeth, 288n42

Holyoak, Keith J., 267n12

homology, 163, 221, 285n89; vs. analogy, 161, 171, 208, 222, 285n93; center of, 44; as formalization, 161; theories of, 24

homosexuality, 283n35

homosociality, 140

Hooker, Joseph, 237–38

Hopkins, Manley, 140

horizon of expectation, 226

Hoselitz, Virginia, 287n37

Hughes, Linda K., 290n88

humanism, critical, 98

humanities, professionalization of, 8, 15

human nature, 92

Humboldt, Alexander von, 158, 232, 280n123

Hume, David (see also The History of England), 66, 79, 88, 90, 218, 275n7; distaste for quotidian, 276n28; and spectacular sympathy, 92–93, 276n27

Husserl, Edmund, 296

Hutcheon, Linda, 16

Hutton, James (see also Theory of the Earth), 25, 77–78, 97

Huxley, Aldous, 7

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 7, 160, 213, 252

hypothesis, 153, 212

idealism: German, 77–78; Platonic, 199

The Idea of History (Collingwood), 95, 261n3

ideology, and form, 122

idiom: and dialect, 280n118; and historical authenticity, 120; historicism of, 117, 120, 170; as individuated dialect, 119

Illustrations of Political Economy (Martineau), 231

imagination: bibliographic, 223, 236; in comparative historicism, 215; historical, 87, 90, 173, 189; literary, 23, 81, 88; in natural selection, 212; place in Charles Darwin’s writings, 211; Romantic, 54; scientific, 7, 11, 51, 57, 59; train of, 212

imitation, 215

imperialism, 8, 12, 17, 59, 273n67; and scientific collection, 158

Impressions of Theophrastus Such (Eliot), 171

incomparability, 170

India, 125

induction, 133, 153; and analogy, 150, 291n98; Baconian, 72, 146, 150, 211; and comparison, 263n32; contrasted to abduction, 153; Victorian debate over, 147–48, 284n51

industrialization, 3

“The Influence of Italian Works of Imagination” (A. Hallam), 134

inheritance: biological, 206; intellectual, 256

inheritance of acquired characteristics, 158

In Memoriam A. H. H. (Tennyson), ix, 8–9, 24, 49, 174, 191, 244; analogy in, 153, 165, 167; astronomy in, 151; Christian belief within, 155; as collaboration, 131, 164, 189; collaboration in, 131; comparatism of, 282n18; and comparative historicism, 129; composition and arrangement of, 138–39, 145–46, 155; disinterest in, 154; encounter within, 154; epistemology of, 132, 135, 148; erotics of, 140–42; faith in, 129; flat metaphysics of, 146; formal ambition of, 129–30, 157; Hallam as author of, 133, 155; and harmonic analogy, 151; and homosexuality, 283n35; implications of science for, 130; incorporation in, 163; and induction, 150; influence of sonnet, 142; integration of, 164; plurality of worlds in, 151–52; as poet’s elegy, 131; and problem of analogy, 134; publication of, 147; reactions to, 141, 146, 283n49; resistance to comparative historicism in, 164; rhyme scheme of, 129, 135–37, 145; and secularization, 131; sidereal analogy of, 154; spiritualism of, 156; spooky action in, 132; stanza, 133, 135–36, 138, 141, 164, 282n18, 282n23; stanza, analogic of, 148–49; stanza, comparative, 134; stanza, cooperation in, 164; stanza, influence of Hallam, 144; stanza, politics of, 144–45; stanza, as two sixteeners, 136; typology in, 162–63; typology of, 158; uncertainty in, 147

institutions, arts and sciences, 9

intelligent design, 26, 213, 218, 231, 245, 249, 252; language of, 26, 213. See also natural theology

intent, 204; as analogy, 250; anthropomorphism of, 246; authorial, 253; in Charles Darwin’s writing, 214; empiricism of, 26; floral, 213, 242; as formal correspondence, 250; as heuristic fiction, 254; language of, 214, 250; and language of contrivance, 245; nonhuman, 214, 238; and teleology, 218, 238, 253

intentional fallacy, 253

intentive imaginary, 250

intentive reading, 6, 14, 26, 253

intentive vs. intentional, 295n75

interdisciplinarity, 4, 15, 22, 96

Ivanhoe (Scott), 13, 84; alternative histories of, 124; “Dedicatory Epistle” to, 112; idiomatic translation in, 118

Ivanhoe (game), 124, 281n134, 281n135

Jackson, Noel, 271n26

Jackson, Stephen T., 258–59

Jager, Colin, 73, 268n17

Jakobson, Roman, 182, 288n49

James, Henry, 16

James I (British king), 92

Jameson, Fredric, 21, 123, 290n89

Jamieson, Robert, 105

Jauss, Robert Hans, 226

Java, invasion of, 126–27

Jesus, historical, 65

Jobert, Louis, 100, 102, 110

Johns, Adrian, 262n19

Johnson, Joseph, 58

Jones, William, 14, 21, 70, 116

Joseph, Gerhard, 141, 283n36

JSTOR (digital archive), 4

Kant, Immanuel, 77, 247–48, 268n31, 274n75

Kelley, Theresa M., 59, 239, 265

“key to all mythologies“, 25, 71, 166, 194; and the “primary tissue”, 198

Kidd, Colin, 66

Kincaid, James, 146, 155

Kingsley, Charles, 146, 283n49

Klancher, Jon, 8, 262n17

“knowable community“, 170, 286n13

Kohn, Eduardo, 254

“The Kraken” (Tennyson), 143

Krause, Ernst, 255–56

Kuhn, Thomas, 148, 177

Kurnick, David, 168–69, 199

Lady Wardlaw Heresy, 105, 278n77

LaFleur, Greta, 59

Laidlaw, William, 96–97, 104, 106

Laing, Malcolm, 104

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 158–60, 206, 218–19

Langan, Celeste, 278n82

language: and association, 47; contingency of, 172; diachronic vs. synchronic, 46; figurative, epistemology of, 254; formal, 39, 43, 188, 269n33; formalization of, 188; Germanic, 116; historical, 187–88; historical, sedimentary, 170; imaginative, 39; Indo-European, 116; intentional, 249; literary, 41, 206; master, 170; natural, 44; relation to realism, 41; Sanskrit, 116; scientific, 226–27; sedimentary nature of, 188; theological, 207; universal, 187–88, 290n68; vernacular, 39, 42, 44, 87, 113

langue, 46

Lapworth, Charles, 235

Latour, Bruno (see also Pandora’s Hope), 9–10, 30, 47, 49, 228; semiotics of, 47

Lauder, Thomas Dick, 235

laureateship of Tennyson, 130

law of the excluded middle, 37

Leaves from a Notebook (Eliot), 173

Leavis, F. R., 166

Leeuwenhoek, Antonin von, 78

The Legend of Jubal (Eliot), 167, 172, 189–91, 194

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 43

Leifchild, John, 246

Levine, Caroline, 200, 228

Levine, George (see also Darwin and the Novelists), vii, 176–77, 182, 230, 261n14, 290n81, 292n12; on realism, 168; role in shaping “science and literature”, 8, 231

Lewes, George Henry (see also Problems of Life and Mind), 50, 175, 177, 186, 206, 289n61; on analogy and comparison, 291n98; on analogy and homology, 208; on comparative method, 202; grasp of comparative historicism, 209; as interlocutor for George Eliot, 201; philosophy of, 270n51; reaction to Charles Darwin, 208

Lewis, Matthew “Monk”, 103

Leyden, John, 23, 103–4, 106–7, 114; biography of, 126–27; and comparative philology, 116; death of, 125; legacy, 125; as philologist, 115

liberalism, 85

Lichfield Botanical Society, 56, 61

Life of Erasmus Darwin (C. Darwin), 256

Lightman, Bernard, 261n13

linguistics: comparative, 20; structural, 40, 46, 268n31, 288n49; structural, and the arbitrary sign, 45–46; structural, and comparative philology, 46

linguistic turn, 40, 268n25

Linnaean Society, 237

Linnaeus, Carl (see also Genera Plantarum), 54, 56, 58–61, 75, 78, 226, 272n36; “sexual system” of, 61, 75; sexual taxonomy of, 60; theory of speciation, 75

literary criticism, 4

literary form, 7, 26, 28–29, 43, 49, 91, 201, 228. See also form

literary history, 8, 22; comparative, 22, 175

literary modes, 2, 5, 8, 14, 39; and flat ontology, 41; importance to science, 39; realism of, 44

literary realism, 10, 182–83, 192, 194, 198, 274n1; and analogy, 173; art criticism and, 179–80; as cognitive effect, 192; critique of romance, 180; dependence on historical novel, 235; and disanalogy, 24; Edward Said’s treatment of, 194; historical, 26, 186; and historicism, 172, 183; and metonymy, 182, 288n49; middling condition of, 168; mimetic, 180; narrative, 177; “ontological claim” of, 182; and orientalism, 194; problem of historicism in, 182; and relationality, 183; and scientific naturalism, 186; sympathetic, 94, 172, 192; and sympathy, 169; theory of, 192, 194; truthy, 121. See also realism

literary studies: as problem for philosophy, 39; science and literature as subfield of, 7–11. See also science and literature

literature: comparative (see comparative literature); continuity with science, 81; national, 20; subordination to science, 59, 74

Liu, Alan, 264n56

living memory, 215

Lockhart, John Gibson, 97

Lodge, David, 182

logic, 22, 37, 133, 149; classical, 37; fallacies of, 149; formal, 43; history of, 43; in science, 148; syllogistic, 149

logical positivism, 212

London, 7

Louis XV (French king), 100

Lovejoy, Arthur O. (see also The Great Chain of Being), 30, 267n9

The Loves of the Plants (E. Darwin), 25, 54–56, 73; allegory in, 61; anonymous publication, 58; and C. Darwin’s Fertilisation of Orchids, 240, 255; conceit of, 60; contrivance in, 239, 245; “design” of, 59; as didactic poem, 74; formal contract of, 59, 61, 241; imperial context of, 59; lack of narrative in, 62; and Linnaean taxonomy, 61; poetic theory of, 58; proem to, 58; publication of, 74; reviews of, 59; sexuality in, 57; subordination of art to science in, 61

“The Loves of the Triangles” (Canning and Frere), 79

Lucretius, 54, 62, 74, 271n26

Lukács, György, 94, 123, 274n1

“lumpers” vs. “splitters“, 12, 57, 262n28; synthetic vs. analytic, 208

Lumsden, Alison, 280n116

Lunar Society, 51, 54, 65

Lushington, Edward, 155

“Lycidas” (Milton), 131

Lyell, Charles, 25, 157, 160, 215

Lynch, Deidre, 96, 286n10

lyric: in In Memoriam, 139; and narrative, 132; Romantic, 53; subjectivity, 132

Lyrical Ballads (Coleridge and Wordsworth), 58

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (see also The History of England), 13, 23, 83, 86–87, 98, 100, 112, 177, 221, 277n36

Macfarren, George Alexander, 191–92

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 27

Macleay, William Sharp, 218, 230; theory of analogy, 219

Macpherson, James, 98–99

Madagascar, 247

Malthus, Thomas, 231

Manning, Susan, 14, 53, 71, 95, 275n5

Mansell, Darrel, Jr., 289n60

Marcus, Sharon, 197, 290n89

marriage plot, 123, 197–98

Martin, Robert Bernard, 284n52

Martineau, Harriet (see also Illustrations of Political Economy), 13, 231, 236, 281n135, 294n39

Marx, Karl, 275n14

Mary Schweidler (Meinhold), 236

mass media, 3

materialism, 98, 213, 217, 246, 273n70

materiality, 201

mathematics, 22, 37, 161, 202; formalism of, 42–44; formalization by analogy, 42; and formal language, 43; generic procedures of, 42; history of, 43–44, 269n33; realism of, 42–43

Mathias, Thomas James, 79

Matz, Aaron, 196

McCaw, Neil, 177, 183

McClintock, Anne, 273n67

McGann, Jerome, 73, 124, 281n135, 291n94

McKeon, Michael, 261n3

McLane, Maureen, 107

mechanism, 52, 61, 77, 162

mediation, 107, 278n82

Meillassoux, Quentin, 30, 39, 42, 268n31, 269n31

Meinhold, William (see also Mary Schweidler), 236

Melas, Natalie, 20

Mellor, Ann, 69, 272n55

melody, 192

Meltzl, Hugo, 175

Memoirs of the Life of Doctor Darwin (Seward), 52

metahistory, 15, 263n35

Metamorphosis (Ovid), 59

metaphor, 14, 41, 198; as “category mistake”, 183; in Charles Darwin’s writing, 213; contrasted to analogy, 182–83, 288n49; discourse, 293n34; and entanglement, 199; mapping of, 33; in natural selection, 246; in Origin of Species, 216; realism of, 41; in science, 41, 227; syntax of, 183; theories of, 33, 155, 183, 288n53

metaphysics: Christian, 140; flat, 131, 137, 146, 151, 156; Thomist, 272n55; unsettled, 157

meteorology, 77

metonymy, 288n53; contrasted to analogy, 183; historicist, 182, 288n49; syntax of, 183

Michelet, Jules, 13, 27, 122, 275n3

Middlemarch (Eliot), 19, 24–25, 32–33, 36, 71, 290n85; ahistoricism in, 178; and alienation, 196; and alterity, 194; analogy in, 176, 194; art in, 288n42; comparatism in, 166–67, 183, 203; comparative historicism of, 168; composition of, 290n87; disanalogy in, 197; ecological understanding of, 205; epistemology of, 168; “familiar looking” in, 179; historicizing science in, 176–77; historiographic imagination of, 172; parables in, 171, 198; publication of, 290n88; Roman history in, 178; as scientific novel, 171, 176, 199; sensitization in, 169; and “structural comparison”, 171; sympathy in, 193

Mill, John Stuart (see also A System of Logic), 37, 84, 133, 147, 218, 221; analysis of syllogism, 149; critique of analogy, 150; debate with William Whewell, 148

millennialism, 65, 184, 289n54

Miller, Andrew, 168, 182

Miller, Gordon L., 285n94

Miller, J. Hillis, 183

The Mill on the Floss (Eliot), 124, 166, 189, 197

Milne, Colin, 60, 272n36

Milton, John (see also “Lycidas”), 63, 292n12

minstrelsy, English, 99

The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (Scott), 23, 89, 97, 99, 103–6, 108, 110; and antiquarianism, 89; composition and editing of, 99, 103–5; as forgery, 106, 108; as historical re-creation, 110; introduction to, 108; origins of, 97; reactions to, 104; success of, 84

“mirror of history“, 4

mistranslation, 170

Mitchell, Rebecca, 291n90

Mitchell, Robert, 77

modelling, conceptual, 4

modernity: and historical imagination, 87; and historicism, 125; as rupture with past, 84

Momigliano, Arnaldo, 277

monograph, scientific, 14

Moretti, Franco, 122

Morgan, Monique, 132

Morton, Tim, 39

Mueller-Vollmer, Kurt, 280n123

Müller, Max, 14, 171

Murray, John, 216, 237, 239, 241, 251

music: entanglement within, 190; theories of, 19, 36, 172, 189–92, 194–95

mythology, 3, 68–71, 116, 140, 171, 190; comparative, 70, 73; Rosicrucian, 74

myth vs. legend, 289n58

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples), 17

Nagaoka, Hantaro, 267n14

narrative, 11, 160, 229, 231, 249; of adaptation, 158; alignment of, 94; in ballads, 107; and comparison, 229, 249; contingency in, 6, 13, 25; in developmental theory, 77; epic, 23, 75; evolutionary, 159, 215; of female amity, 197; form, 231; formalization of, 157; in history, 28; and naturalism, 25; in natural selection, 231; in Origin of Species, 216; pluralism, 182, 213, 237; poetry, 132; progressive, 85; shared, 195; travel, 119; unitary vs. complex, 89

nationalism, 17, 21

National Library of Scotland, 106

naturalism: comparative, 5; scientific, 6

naturalization: of social forms, 173; of social norms, 5, 17

natural selection: 1, 17, 19, 25, 34–35, 213–21, 237, 248, 262n23; as agent, 213, 216, 230; agnosticism of, 252; analogy to domestic selection, 34–35, 224–26, 293n35; of Angræcum sesquipedale (orchid), 248; anthropocentrism of, 254; anthropomorphism of, 246; both narrative and paradigmatic, 249; and catachresis, 226; and comparatism, 222; consolidation of, 229; and contingency, 221; cooperative understanding of, 249; in C. Darwin’s Orchids, 217; descent from analogy, 207, 219–20; and ecology, 247; flattening effect of, 40–41, 252, 255; formalism of, 225; formalization of, 228, 230; importance of imagination to, 212; intentive language of, 214, 250–51, 295n75; literary features of, 216; as metaphor, 41, 246; modern controversy over, 295n91; narrative in, 25, 212, 229, 231, 253; and natural theology, 238, 245, 251; ontology of, 40, 227; and pangenesis, 207; as personification, 41; reactions to, 208; research program for, 237, 247; shifting terminology of, 226; and teleology, 252; train of, 215. See also domestic selection; evolution

natural theology, 65; and British naturalism, 251; C. Darwin’s study of, 246, 252; flattening of, 254; and higher design, 162; and intent, 245; language of, 245–46; in natural selection, 238, 252; as rhetoric, 246; sensibility of, 252; and teleology, 251. See also intelligent design; theology

Natural Theology (Paley), 218, 246

Naturphilosophie (German), 77

Nealon, Jeffrey, 39, 254

nebular theory, 77, 152

network analysis, 10

new criticism, 253, 291n94

new materialism, 39

New Organon (Bacon), 72

Newport, Kenneth, 65

Newton, Isaac, 65

Nicholes, Joseph, 287n33

Nicolson, Harold, 281n11

nineteenth century as age of analogy, 258

no-analog future, 259

nominalism, 291n98

“Notes on Form in Art” (Eliot), 199, 208

novel climates, 258

novels: comparative historicism in, 33; as genre of genres, 16; geological, 236; Gothic, 92, 96; historical, 5; history of, 91; physiology of, 190; place in Darwin home, 232; realism of, 16, 50; subject formation in, 204; temporality of, 190. See also historical novel

novels of George Eliot (see also Adam Bede; Daniel Deronda; Felix Holt; Impressions of Theophrastus Such; Middlemarch; The Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner), 36, 71, 165–69, 209–10, 253, 257; comparatism in, 174; disillusion in, 211; divided plots in, 166; as experiments, 176; formal strategy, 167; historicism of, 172, 189, 198; historiography in, 183; sensitization in, 169; sympathy in, 192; use of idiom in, 170

novels of Walter Scott (see also The Antiquary; The Fortunes of Nigel; Guy Mannering; Ivanhoe; Waverley), 6, 8, 55, 82, 169, 183, 234, 253, 274n1; as alternative histories, 125; historical reconstruction in, 236; ideological closure in, 122; Magnum Opus edition of, 281n131; in postcolonial imagination, 124; reactions to, 188, 289n66; and translation, 115; trope of recovered manuscript in novels of, 236

Nunokawa, Jeff, 283n35

objectivity, 93, 215

O’Brien, Karen, 66–67

Of the Plurality of Worlds (Whewell), 152

Oliver, Susan, 277n47

“one culture” thesis, 8

“On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules” (Bohr), 35

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (C. Darwin), 1, 6–7, 11, 18–19, 25–26, 51; as abstract of longer work, 216; agency in, 230; analogy between domestic and natural selection in, 35; analogy in, 34, 221; catachresis in, 226; and comparative historicism, 209; ecological vision of, 205; on entanglement of animal and plant life, 240; epistemology of, 227; imaginary illustration in, 212; influence of historical fiction on, 236; narrative focus of, 215; and natural selection, 249, 262n23; novelistic features of, 215; reactions to, 80, 162, 206, 208, 252; relation to novels, 235; soft teleology of, 253

On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (C. Darwin), 25–26, 217, 242, 253; analogy in, 250; contrivance in, 238; as demonstration of natural selection, 237; design and publication of, 237, 241, 252; dialogue with E. Darwin’s Loves of the Plants, 240–41, 255; encounter within, 243; experimental method of, 240, 244, 247; functional ambiguity of, 251; as ninth Bridgewater, 245; orchids as coauthors of, 245; reactions to, 249–51; soft teleology of, 253; unsettling plant life in, 255

ontology, 22, 27, 40; and epistemology, 39–40, 204; flat, 16, 40–41, 44, 49, 226–27, 243, 254–55; of form, 200–201; hierarchical, 37–40; and language, 40, 227; and literary studies, 39; and mathematics, 269n31; object-oriented, 39, 268n25; in taxonomy, 60, 272n35; virtual, 39

Orchidaceae of Mexico & Guatemala (Bateman), 241

orchid fever, 239

orchidomania, 239

orchids, 26, 249; adaptations of, 240; agency of, 245; fertilization of, 240, 243–44, 253; intent of, 242; as models for ecology, 241; propagation of, 238

orchid trade, 238

The Order of Things (Foucault), 12, 30

organicism, 16; and culture, 16; German, 77; in the nineteenth-century, 200; as regulative principle, 247; as social model, 17

orientalism, 125

Orientalism (Said), 17, 194

origins, theories of, 171–72, 205, 208

Ossian debates, 98–99

Ovid (see also Metamorphosis), 58–59

Owen, Richard (see also The Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton; “Archetype Vertebrate Skeleton”), 6–7, 14, 24, 158, 219, 230, 252, 264n60, 285n90; on analogy/homology distinction, 32, 134, 161–62, 171, 208, 221–22, 285n93

Packham, Catherine, 76, 273n69

painting, historical, 287n39

Paley, William (see also Natural Theology), 213, 218, 245–46

Pamela (S. Richardson), 107

Pandora’s Hope (Latour), 47

pangenesis, 206–7; reactions to, 208

Panizzi, Antonio, 142

parable, 203; of pier-glass, 198–99; scientific, 171, 198

parasitism, 200

Park, Katherine, 10

parole, 46

participant/observer, 16

Pater, Walter, 291n94

Pattison, Robert, 283n44

Paul (Apostle), 266n8

Peacham, Henry, 265n6

Pearsall, Cornelia, 140, 281n6, 282n11

Peirce, Charles Saunders, 153–54

Percy, Thomas (see also “Essay on the Ancient English Minstrels”; Reliques of Ancient English Poetry), 99, 104–5, 107–8

Percy-Ritson debate, 99, 108

periodicals, 9

personification, 14, 26, 41, 70, 214

Petrarch, 140

phenomenology, 190

Phillips, Mark Salber, 3, 123, 276

philology, 3, 5, 14, 30; comparative, 17, 23, 32, 40, 46, 73, 87, 89, 116, 175; and structural linguistics, 46

philosophy, 22, 39, 59, 269n31; and analogy, 73; cognitive, 224; continental, 40; Enlightenment, 54, 88, 274n1; moral, 14

Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (Whewell), 147

photography, 156; history of, 58

physics, 35

physiognomy, 170

Pinkerton, John, 101–2, 109

Pinney, Thomas, 289n64

Piper, Andrew, 278n82

Pittock, Murray, 124, 274n1

plant life, unsettling implications of, 255

plants: sensation in, 241; sentience of, 255

Plato, 291n94

Pliny, 109

plot. See marriage plot; narrative

pluralism, 195; narrative, 16, 237; in nature, 253; political, 15

plurality of worlds, 134, 151–52, 284n63, 284n65

PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association), 4

poetic subject, 142; alienation of, 156

poetry, 129, 235, 282; Charles Darwin’s relation to, 231–32; didactic, 54, 59, 62–63, 74, 81, 271n26; of doubt, 146, 283n49; dramatic monologue, 132; editing of, 144; as emergent pattern, 64–65; epithalamion, 155; form in, 173; history of, 108; hymn, 136; of indifference, 154; metrical romance, 84; novel, 132; pastoral, 61, 145; Romantic, 52; and science, 52, 54, 57, 74; Scottish, 105; theory of, 58; and theory of form, 173. See also elegy; epic; sonnets

politics, Whig, 85, 144, 177

“Pollinia of Orchis mascula” (Sowerby), 244f10

Poncelet, Jean Victor, 44, 46, 285n89

Pope, Alexander, 74

Popper, Karl, 148, 211–12

positivism, 148

Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 37–38, 72

poststructuralism, 40

Potkay, Adam, 93, 276n29

Priestley, Joseph, 65–68, 272n44

Priestman, Martin, 54

principle of noncontradiction, 37

print industry, 9; as scientific technology, 10

Problems of Life and Mind (Lewes), 202

psychology, 202

purposive causality, 247

quantum mechanics, 35

The Quarterly Review, 9, 275n19

Quintilian, 265n6

Raby, Peter, 285n83

race: and botany, 59; theories of, 17

Radcliffe, Anne, 92

Ranke, Leopold von, 13, 86, 111–12

rapture, 140, 142, 156

realism: Dutch, 180; and falsifiability, 24; of language, 269n46; linguistic, 119; literary (see literary realism); and mathematics, 42; philosophical, 10, 25; philosophical, and analogy, 45; philosophical, and entangled reference, 48; philosophical, and language, 41; philosophical; scientific, 10; social, 170; speculative, 39–40, 45, 268n25. See also disanalogy; literary realism

“realist habit of mind“, 172

Reill, Peter Hans, 76

Reiss, John O., 214

reiving, 97, 105; semantic, 121

relationality, 4–5, 31, 39, 123, 170–71, 177, 183, 198, 202; and value, 101

Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (Percy), 99

remediation, 28

representation, flattening of, 210

reproduction, sexual, 206

revolutions of 1848, 129

Reynolds, John, 287n39

rhetoric, 14, 19, 30, 246, 265n6; of analogy, 267n12; of comparison, 265n6, 266n6; demise of, 15; as effect, 193; in novels of Walter Scott, 281n131; and venacularization, 279n95

rhyme, 134; ballad, 136; blank verse, 134–35; enclosed, 134, 145; enfolded, 133, 135, 164; envelope, 142–43, 145

Ricardo, David, 231

Richards, I. A., 33, 267n12

Richards, Robert, 77, 216

Richardson, Alan, 273n70

Richardson, Samuel (see also The History of Sir Charles Grandison; Pamela), 231

Ricks, Christopher, 135–36

Ricœur, Paul, 28, 36, 288n53

Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, 13, 186–89, 289n61, 289n66

Rigney, Ann, 90–91, 274n1, 276n22

Rischin, Abigail, 288n42

Ritson, Joseph, 99, 103, 105, 108

Robertson, William, 66

Roderick Random (Smollett), 119

Romanticism: British, 52–53, 285n99; British, allegory and analogy in, 53–54, 70; British, genealogy of, 78; and forgery, 109, 279n87; German, 20; historicism of, 105

Romantic science, 5

Rome, 178

Rosicrucianism, 74

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 30, 32

Rowlinson, Matthew, 101

Roy, Rob, 125

Royal Society (Edinburgh), 6, 96, 235

Royal Society (London), 207, 224, 256

Rudwick, Martin, 160, 277n51

Rudy, Jason, 156, 284n51

Ruskin, John, 188, 287n39

Russett, Margaret, 109, 294n46

Rutherford, Ernest, 35

Rutherford-Bohr theory, 33, 35, 267

Ryan, Vanessa L., 270n51

Ryle, Gilbert, 183

Sabine, George H., 262n24

Sachs, Jonathan, 94, 261n5

Said, Edward (see also Culture and Imperialism; Orientalism), 8, 17, 19, 194, 263n30, 290n85

Saint-Amour, Paul, 279n87

Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy, 14, 31–32, 160, 175, 219, 222, 285n87

satire, 196

Saussy, Haun, 264n55

scala naturae, 30, 238

Schaffer, Simon, 10, 215, 223

schematization, 43

Schiller, Friedrich, 77

Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 98, 121

scholarship, biblical, 14

scholasticism, 267n8

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 175, 190

Schor, Hilary, 16, 198

science: abduction in, 153; and allegory, 54; and comparative method, 30; continuity to literature, 74, 81; creoles and pidgins in, 119; Darwinian, 25, 243; descriptive (vs. hypothesis driven), 7, 9–11, 262n24-25; disunity of, 11; epistemology of, 49; evolutionary, 11, 25, 217, 262; evolutionary, descriptive and historical character of, 11, 215; evolutionary, specialness of, 11; experimental (vs. historical), 7, 9–11, 215, 262n25; historicization of, 176; hypothesis in, 11, 153, 215; and imagination, 51, 57, 59; and literary language, 206, 227; and “matheme”, 42; metaphor in, 41, 213; and modeling, 148; modeling in, 199, 228; narrative, 11; normative, 11; and parable, 171, 198; pluralism of, 251; popularization of, 35, 267n14; practical labor of, 215; predictive, 11; professionalization of, 8, 15; skepticism of, 206; technologies of, 10, 223; visionary, 77; vocabulary of, 41. See also climate science; comparative science; history of science

science and literature, 7; analogy in, 29; Charles Darwin as founding subject for, 232; as complex analogy, 255; critique of, 261n13; and “one culture” model, 262n15-16; vs. speculative realism, 41–42

science writing, 2

scientific discovery, place of fancy in, 211

scientific history. See history, of science

Scott, Walter (see also The Antiquary; “Essay on the Imitation of the Ancient Ballad”; The Fortunes of Nigel; Guy Mannering; Ivanhoe; The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border; “Sir Patrick Spens”; Waverley), 16, 23, 26, 86, 126, 134, 230, 235, 256; anonymous authorship, 84, 116; on ballad imitation, 278n84; as biographer, 127; as collector, 97, 100; and comparative historicism, 88, 215; and comparative literature, 21, 176; complicated relation to novel, 128; contribution to historicism, 13; counterfactual histories of, 281n135; as editor, 95, 104, 106, 108, 112; fiction of, implications for, 122; as forger, 103, 107–8; global audience of, 91; his theory of novel, 92; historical fiction of, 6, 160; historical novels of, 13, 85–86, 88; historical novels of, complexity in, 88; influence of, 5, 13–14, 24, 31, 235, 274n1, 277n36, 289n66; influence on Charles Darwin, 230, 236; influence on George Eliot, 177; influence on global historicism, 91; influence on historicism, 13, 83–84, 86–87, 91, 123, 177; passive protagonists of, 94; as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 96; protagonists of, 10; reactions to, 83; relation to John Leyden, 126; as reviewer of Tales of My Landlord, 275n19; and theory of novel, 91, 112; as translator, 114–15; use of analogy, 267n15. See also novels of Walter Scott; “Waverley novels”

Scottish, as dialect, 120

Scottish Enlightenment. See Enlightenment, Scottish

Scottish Highlands, 13, 117, 127, 168, 236

Scottish Rising, 125

Secord, James, 55, 243, 261n14

secularization, 8, 131, 246, 295n91; and crisis of faith, 16; soft, 252

Sedgwick, Eve, 283n35

selection: artificial, 214; sexual, 226

self-balance, 137–38

self-mastery, 168

self-organization, 76, 138, 274n75

self-quietism, 169

semiotics, 30, 46, 70, 228; and entanglement, 48

semipublics, 8

Sendry, Joseph, 145

sensitization, 169

seriality, 196

Seward, Anna (see also Memoirs of the Life of Doctor Darwin), 52, 64, 74, 103, 271n16, 273n65

sexuality: and botany, 59; in nature, 54; of plants, 25, 240

Shakespeare, William (see also Hamlet), 140, 152; sonnets of, 141

Shapin, Steven, 10, 215, 223

Shaw, Harry E., 172, 177, 182, 194, 269n46, 288n49

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (see also “Adonais”), 53, 81, 131, 281n1, 291n94

Shih, Shu-mei, 20, 264n52

Shirley (Brontë), 31–33

Shuttleworth, Sally, 8, 176, 261n14

Siegel, Jonah, 180

Silverman, Kaja, 44–45, 58

Simmel, Georg, 27, 49, 111, 121

singularity, 48, 50, 268n18, 282n23; and encounter, 48

“Sir Patrick Spens” (Scott), 104–5; editing of, 106–7; as foundation of Scottish literature, 105

Sloane, Hans, 158

Smith, Adam (see also The Wealth of Nations), 3, 66–67, 92

Smith, Jonathan, 8, 241, 261n14, 262n17

Smith, William, 95–96

Smollett, Tobias, 119

Snow, C. P., 7–8

Snyder, Laura J., 148

social forms, 8, 88, 119, 172, 177, 199–200, 204–5; analysis of, 271n16; naturalization of, 173; ontology of, 60; origins of, 205; and translation, 113

sociology, 8, 10, 17, 175; and comparative method, 17; history of, 16–17; of knowledge, 8–11; of literature, 92; of science, 10

Socrates, 149

“solar system” model of atom, 33, 35, 267n14; as popularization, 35

solidarity across time, 255, 263n30

sonnets, 142–43, 282n31

source criticism, 3

Sowerby, G. B. (see also “Pollinia of Orchis mascula”), 241

speciation, 35; and domestic selection, 226

species, fixity of, 34, 224

spectatorship, 93

speculative realism, 96

speculative turn, 268n25

Spencer, Herbert, 37, 171

spiritualism, 156

spontaneous generation, 71

spooky action, 132

Sprengel, C. K., 245

stadial history, 3, 12, 56, 84; and the “age”, 13; and comparison, 67, 179; and Enlightenment, 12, 63, 66, 183; and historical fiction, 90; and narrative, 20. See also historicism

St. Clair, William, 274n1

Steiner, T. R., 279n104

stellification, 154

“Still here” (A. Hallam), 143

Stocking, George, 17

Strauss, David Friedrich, 98, 184, 187–88, 289n58

structuralism, 45–47, 228, 263n29

Stukeley, William, 101

“styles of reasoning“, 54, 82, 149

subject formation, 94, 134, 204

subjectivity, 109, 195

sublimation, 141

surface reading, 49, 270n47, 286n9, 291n89

Sutherland, Kathryn, 88

Swedenborg, Emanuel, 156

“swerve around the literary“, 39, 45

Swift, Jonathan, 30

syllogism, 149, 284n56

sympathy, 14, 133, 192, 197; and alterity, 93; and analogy, 195; between dead and living, 139; epistemology of, 250, 255; extension of, 181, 189; harmonic, 192–93, 290n79; in historical fiction, 6; and historicism, 26, 120–21, 215; in Michel Foucault’s analysis of analogy, 267n9; with plants, 25; ready-made, 198; spectacular, 93, 192, 276n32

syntax, 136, 183, 229

A System of Logic (Mill), 147, 149, 221

Taine, Hippolyte, 13

A Tale of Two Cities (Dickens), 14

Tales of My Landlord (Scott), 275n19

taxonomy, 11, 15, 159–60, 272n36; analogy in, 224, 285n93; artificial, 61; botanic, 59; and classification, 272n36; and history, 82; Linnaean, 12, 56, 59–60, 63, 73, 75, 226; and ontology, 60, 272n35; rational, 12; sexual, 60, 75; in stadial history, 67; systematic, 230; of tropes, 15. See also classification; “lumpers and splitters”

Taylor, Charles, 15–16, 131, 252

Taylor, Jesse Oak, 285n99, 296n2

teleology, 20, 122, 164, 218; application to botany, 251; Christian, 213; in Darwinian science, 247, 252; debates over, 251–52; and functional correlation, 252; as heuristic fiction, 254; and historicism, 256; and intent, 214, 238; soft, 124, 253; in species reconstruction, 252

The Temple of Nature (E. Darwin), 54–55, 71, 76, 80

Tennyson, Alfred (see also “Hail, Briton!”; “The Kraken”; In Memoriam A. H. H.); biography of, 132; desire for reunion with Hallam, 152; editorial practice, 144; engagement with science, 162; and epistemology of form, 148; friendship with Richard Owen, 161; illness of, 207; interest in science, 207; poetry of, 132, 149, 153; reaction to C. Darwin’s theory of pangenesis, 207; selection as laureate, 130; sonnets of, 143; spiritualism of, 156

Tennyson, Cecilia, 155

Tennyson, Emily, 131, 143

Tennyson, Hallam, 132, 144, 147

Ternate essay (Wallace), 224

tertium comparationis, 19

text: as actor, 223; as technology, 7, 10–11, 223

textualism, 8

textual witnessing, 223. See also virtual witnessing

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 175

Thagard, Paul, 267n12

“Theodicea Novissima” (A. Hallam), 141, 151

theology, 141, 207; Anglican, 7; and anthropology, 185; Christian, 65, 185, 198; flat, 26, 245, 252; naturalized, 238. See also natural theology

Theory of the Earth (Hutton), 77

Thierry, Augustin, 122

Thompson, E. P., 275n3

time: abstract, 55; historical, 3–4; homogenous, 55; standardized, 261n6

Titian, 138, 140

Torrens, Henry Whitelock, 236

Tosh, John, 13, 86, 261n3

tractarianism, 14, 266n6

tradition, poetic, 110, 140

transhistoricism, 182, 188

translation, 36, 87, 112, 118, 169; as analogy between societies, 114; as analogy of effect, 113; in art, 188; as authorship, 114; dialectical, 121; historical, 121; and historical fiction, 112; idiomatic, 14, 117, 119; metaphoric, 113; Romantic, 112; theories of, 112–15, 121, 279n104; zones of, 115. See also historicism, translational

transnationalism, 8

travel literature, 231–32

tree of life, 11

Trench, Richard Chenevix, 157

tribalism, 13

Trinitarianism, 98, 185. See also Anglicanism; Christianity

Trollope, Anthony, 291n102

tropes, 14, 70, 236, 265n6

tropology, 14–15

Trumpener, Katie, 91, 274n1

truth-to-nature, 241

Tucker, Herbert, 55, 81, 132–33, 136

Turner, Henry, viii

“Two Cultures” debate, 7

Tylor, Edward Burnett, 171, 264n44

Tyndall, John, 35, 131

typification, 173

typology, 12, 157–58, 163, 184

Tytler, Alexander, 67, 114–15, 279n104

uncertainty, 138, 209

untranslatability, 170

Vance, Norman, 287n37

van Wyhe, John, 294n57

variation, limits of, 34, 226

The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (C. Darwin), 206, 208

Veitch, James, 243

vernacularization, 112–13, 279n95

verse forms, 9, 24, 54, 132, 146, 151, 155

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chambers), 55, 105, 152

Vickers, Brian, 270n12

Victoria (of England), 139

Victorian relativity, 202

“virtual witnessing“, 10–11, 223

vitalism, 23, 52, 76–77, 138, 270n3; material, 273n70; seminal, 56

Voskuil, Lynn, 238

Wallace, Alfred Russel (see also Ternate essay), 7, 224

Walpole, Horace, 57, 63, 65, 74, 294n46

Wardlaw, Elizabeth, 105

Wasserman, Earl R., 53, 70–71

Watt, James, 57

Waverley (Scott), 13, 23, 83–84, 236, 277n36; annotation of, 95; author of, 90; conclusion of, 125, 128; dialect in, 120; flattening of history in, 128; idiom in, 117; influence of, 87; John Leyden’s influence on, 127; Magnum Opus edition of, 117; reactions to, 90

“Waverley novels“, 8, 83, 88, 107, 275n19; and alterity, 93; Edinburgh edition of, 116; historical understanding of, 118, 121; as relational history, 86

The Wealth of Nations (A. Smith), 3, 66

Wedgewood, Josiah, 273n64

Welsh, Alexander, 94

Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 97

The Westminster Review, 24, 173–74, 184; as comparative journal, 175–76; editing of, 167, 172

Whatley, Richard, 148

Whewell, William (see also Of the Plurality of Worlds; Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences), 133–34, 147–48, 150–54; debate with John Stuart Mill, 148; on the plurality of worlds, 152–53; relation to Tennyson, 284n52

Whig history, 12, 63, 66, 85, 87, 122, 177, 275n7; teleology of, 122; writing of, 3

Whig politics, 87

White, Hayden, 15, 263n35

Whitney, William Dwight, 46

Wiesenfarth, Joseph, 288n42

Wilberforce, Samuel, 80

Wilkins, Charles, 116

Wilkins, John, 290n68

Williams, Caroline, vii

Williams, John W., 258–59

Williams, Raymond, 286n13

Wilson, John, 284n51

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 86, 215

Wohlfarth, Marc E., 289n64

Wolfson, Susan, 137, 291n94

Woloch, Alex, 15, 286n10

wonder, 14, 249

wonder cabinet, 10

Woolf, Daniel, 277n54

Wordsworth, William (see also Lyrical Ballads), 58, 81, 188, 270n12, 292n12

world literature, 20, 175

Wyatt, Thomas, 113

Yam, Tim, 294n57

Yeazell, Ruth, 180

Zahn, Johann, 44–45

Zemka, Sue, 3, 55, 261n6, 290n72

Zinken, Jörg, 293n34

zone of contact, see contact, zone of

“zones of indistinction“, 280n115

Zoonomia (E. Darwin), 1, 5–6, 23, 62, 73, 241, 256, 274n84; authorship of, 78; as evolutionary epic, 54, 56; influence on Charles Darwin, 211; poetic theory of, 64; reactions to, 55, 79